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The Waterboy

The Waterboy

The Waterboy is a movie starring Adam Sandler, released in 1998. It co-stars Henry Winkler, Kathy Bates, and Fairuza Balk. Rob Schneider has a small cameo role. Sandler produced the movie and co-wrote the script with Tim Herlihy. It was directed by Frank Coraci. The movie was extremely profitable, earning over $160 million dollars in the United States alone and made Sandler a successful actor with Waterboy becoming his second $100 million dollar film in a year, along with The Wedding Singer. Sandler's character, Bobby Boucher, bears a strong resemblance to his "The Excited Southerner" comedic skits from his album "What The Hell Happened To Me!"

Plot

Adam Sandler plays Bobby Boucher, a socially inept water boy with anger issues due to his mother's excessive sheltering. The coach of the football team that he supplies water to, notices his anger problem and puts him on the field, with positive results. Despite his overprotective mother's disapproval, he secretly continues to play football. Here he uses his anger to tackle the opposing players by pretending they're making fun of him. Soon, he becomes one of the most feared linebackers in college football and love interest of Vicki Vallencourt, played by Fairuza Balk, all while leading the team to a title game. Waterboy Waterboy, The

Adam Sandler

]] Adam Richard Sandler (born September 9, 1966) is a Jewish-American actor, comedian, producer, and musician who was born in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in Manchester, New Hampshire. In the mid to late1980s, Sandler portrayed "Smitty" on The Cosby Show (1985-1989). He also was a performer for the MTV game show Remote Control, on which he made appearances as the characters "Trivia Delinquent" or "Stud Boy." Sandler started performing in comedy clubs by spontaneously taking the stage at a club in Boston. He was then discovered by comedian Dennis Miller, who caught Sandler's act in Los Angeles. Miller immediately recommended him to Saturday Night Live producer Lorne Michaels. Sandler was hired as a writer for "SNL" in 1990 and became a featured player the following year, quickly making a name for himself by performing amusing original songs on the show, including The Chanukah Song. He left the show in 1995 to focus on his acting career. Sandler's first starring vehicle was the cult frat-boy classic Billy Madison, in which he plays a grown man repeating grades 1-12 to get his reluctant father's hotel empire. He followed this movie up with other surprisingly successful comedies such as Happy Gilmore (1996) and The Wedding Singer (1998). After The Waterboy (1998), Sandler reached box-office superstardom, where he has remained since. Although most of his earlier films were almost universally despised by movie critics, many of his recent films starting with "Punch-Drunk Love" have recieved almost uniform positive reviews, this has led many movie critics to believe that Sandler posseses considerable acting ability that had been previously wasted on poorly written scripts. Audiences have remained faithful to Sandler's slapstick humor to the tune of $100-million-plus grossing movies. Sandler has moved outside the genre of goofball humor to take on more serious parts such as the critically acclaimed Punch-Drunk Love (for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe), and Spanglish. At one point, Sandler was considered for the part that went to Jamie Foxx in Collateral (2004). A celebrity comic who keeps a low profile, he rarely gives interviews and keeps his personal life private. Nonetheless, he sporadicly posts short video messages on his website (www.AdamSandler.com) on updates in his life he can afford to share with his fans. Sandler graduated from New York University with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1991. On June 22, 2003, he wed model Jackie Titone, whom he'd met on the set of Big Daddy. Sandler and Titone worked together again in the Rob Schneider comedy Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo, which Sandler executive-produced. He also has his own production company, Happy Madison, named from two of his most popular early films. Since Chris Farley's death, in Adam Sandler's movies there is usually a reference to Farley. Adam is one of Hollywood's perceived few members of the Republican Party and has performed at RNC functions.

Frequently works with:

- Steven Brill
- Steve Buscemi
- Blake Clark
- Frank Coraci
- Allen Covert
- Peter Dante
- Dennis Dugan
- Tim Herlihy
- Jonathan Loughran
- Jon Lovitz
- Norm MacDonald
- Kevin Nealon
- Rob Schneider
- Peter Segal
- Robert Smigel
- David Spade
- Jackie Titone
- Henry Winkler
- Fred Wolf
- Drew Barrymore

Filmography

- Going Overboard (1989)
- Shakes the Clown (1992)
- Coneheads (1993)
- Airheads (1994)
- Mixed Nuts (1994)
- Billy Madison (1995) (also writer)
- Happy Gilmore (1996) (also writer)
- Bulletproof (1996)
- The Wedding Singer (1998)
- Dirty Work (1998) (Cameo)
- The Waterboy (1998) (also executive producer and writer)
- Big Daddy (1999) (also executive producer and writer)
- Little Nicky (2000) (also executive producer and writer)
- The Animal (2001) (Cameo) (also executive producer)
- Punch-Drunk Love (2002)
- Mr. Deeds (2002) (also executive producer)
- Eight Crazy Nights (2002) (voice) (also writer and producer)
- A Day with the Meatball (2002) (short subject)
- The Hot Chick (2002) (Cameo) (also executive producer)
- Anger Management (2003) (also executive producer)
- Pauly Shore Is Dead (2003) (documentary) (voice only)
- Stupidity (2003) (documentary)
- 50 First Dates (2004)
- Spanglish (2004)
- The Longest Yard (2005)
- Click (2006) (currently filming) (also producer and writer)
- The Benchwarmers (2006) (currently in post-production) (also writer)

Comedy Albums

- They're All Gonna Laugh At You! (1993)
- What The Hell Happened To Me? (1996)
- What's Your Name? (1997)
- Stan and Judy's Kid (1999)
- Shhh...Don't Tell (2004)

External links

- [http://www.adamsandler.com/ Official website]
- [http://www.adamsandler.com.ar/ AdamSandler.com.ar - pictures, biography, filmography and quotes]
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- [http://trikiwiki.wikidev.net/Adam_Sandler Adam Sandler] at [http://www.trikiwiki.com TrkikWiki.com - a wiki devoted to all things celebrity]
- [http://www.the-longest-yard.com/ The Longest Yard Movie] Sandler, Adam Sandler, Adam Sandler, Adam Sandler, Adam Sandler, Adam Sandler, Adam Sandler, Adam Sandler, Adam Sandler, Adam Sandler, Adam Sandler, Adam Sandler, Adam ja:アダム・サンドラー

Henry Winkler

Henry Franklin Winkler, Ph.D. (born October 30, 1945) is an actor, director and producer who is most famous for his role as Arthur "Fonzie" Fonzarelli on the popular sitcom Happy Days (1974 - 1984). Winkler gained national fame for his auto mechanic-greaser role as "The Fonz"; starting out as a minor character at the show's beginning but having top billing by the time the show ended. He currently stars in the CBS sitcom Out of Practice. The son of Jewish parents who escaped from Germany before the beginning of WWII, Winkler was born in New York, New York. He received his Bachelor's degree from Emerson College in 1967, and received his MFA from the Yale School of Drama in 1970. He received his Ph.D. in Hebrew Literature in 1978 from Emerson College. Winkler started his career by appearing in a number of television commercials before landing a role in The Lords of Flatbush (1974) (which also starred then-unknown Sylvester Stallone). He quickly got the role of Fonzie in Happy Days that same year. During his decade on Happy Days, Winkler also starred in a number of movies including playing a troubled Vietnam Vet in Heroes (1977) and a morgue attendant in Night Shift (1982), which was directed by Happy Days co-star Ron Howard. Ron Howard After Happy Days, Winkler slowed his acting career down as he began concentrating on producing and directing. He has producer credits on several movies and television shows including MacGyver and Mr. Sunshine and directed several movies including the Billy Crystal movie Memories of Me (1988) and Cop and ½ (1993) with Burt Reynolds. As the 1990s continued, Winkler began a return to acting including roles in Scream (1996), The Waterboy (1998), Down To You (2000), Little Nicky (2000), and Holes (2003). In September 2003, Winkler's friend of nearly 25 years John Ritter suddenly passed away. The day that Ritter died, Winkler was slated to guest star on Ritter's ABC sitcom 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter. Winkler was devastated and started to make the rounds on as many TV outlets (such as Entertainment Tonight, Hollywood Squares, and the Emmys) as possible to pay his respects to his fallen friend. It was also rumored that he would take over Ritter's voiceover role on the PBS Kids show "Clifford the Big Red Dog", but that did not happen (instead, a cartoon based on "Clifford's Puppy Days" replaced it). Winkler currently has a recurring role as incompetent lawyer Barry Zuckerkorn in the Fox Television comedy, Arrested Development. He stars alongside Stockard Channing and Paula Marshall in CBS's Out of Practice. His role as the Bluth family lawyer on Arrested Development will be taken over by Winkler's Happy Days co-star Scott Baio in the fall of 2005. Winkler has guest starred on television series such as South Park, The Practice, The Simpsons, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Third Watch, Crossing Jordan and King of the Hill. He is the cousin of Richard Belzer who is best known for playing Detective John Munch on Homicide: Life on the Street and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.

External links

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- E! Online. "The Facts: Henry Winkler." http://www.eonline.com/Facts/People/Bio/0,128,149,00.html (accessed 3 May 2004). Winkler, Henry Winkler, Henry Winkler, Henry Winkler, Henry Winkler, Henry Winkler, Henry Winkler, Henry Winkler, Henry Winkler, Henry Winkler, Henry

Kathy Bates

.]] Kathleen Doyle Bates (born June 28, 1948 in Memphis, Tennessee to Langdon Doyle Bates and Bertye Kathleen Talbot) is an Academy Award winning American theatrical, film and television actress, and a television director. Bates graduated from White Station High School in Memphis. She attended the Southern Methodist University, majoring in theatre, and graduated in 1969. Kathy Bates has been nominated three times for an Academy Award. She was nominated for Best supporting actress in 1998 for Primary Colors and again in 2002 for About Schmidt. In 1990 she received the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Misery, as the insane Annie Wilkes, an obsessed fan holding her favorite author captive. She is also the secretary of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Board of Governers. Her nickname is Bobo. She was recently nominated for the Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for her performance in Warm Springs. Bates did her first nude scene at the age of 43 in At Play in the Fields of the Lord (1991) and again for a scene in About Schmidt (2002).

Actor Filmography

- Ambulance Girl (2005) (TV) (post-production) .... Jane Stern
- Relative Strangers (2005) (post-production) .... Agnes Menure
- Rumor Has It (2005)
- Warm Springs (2005) (TV) .... Helena Mahoney
- Little Black Book (2004) .... Kippie Kann
- Around the World in 80 Days (2004) .... Queen Victoria
- The Bridge of San Luis Rey (2004) .... The Marquesa
- The Tulse Luper Suitcases: The Moab Story (2003)
- Unconditional Love (2002) .... Grace Beasley
- About Schmidt (2002) .... Roberta Hertzel
- Dragonfly (2002) .... Mrs. Belmont
- My Sister's Keeper (2002) (TV) .... Christine Chapman
- Love Liza (2002) .... Mary Ann Bankhead
- Six Feet Under (2001) TV Series .... Bettina (2003-2005)
- American Outlaws (2001) .... Ma James
- Rat Race (2001) .... The Squirrel Lady
- Bruno (2000) .... Mother Superior
- Baby Steps (1999)
- Annie (1999) (TV) .... Miss Hannigan
- A Civil Action (1998) (uncredited) .... Bankruptcy Judge
- The Waterboy (1998) .... Helen "Mama" Boucher
- The Effects of Magic (1998) .... Voice of Raphaella, the Magic Bunny
- Primary Colors (1998) .... Libby Holden
- Titanic Explorer (1997) .... Margaret Brown
- Titanic (1997) .... Margaret "Molly" Brown
- Swept from the Sea (1997) .... Miss Swaffer
- The War at Home (1996) .... Maurine Collier
- Diabolique (1996) .... Shirley Voguel
- The Late Shift (1996) (TV) .... Helen Kushnick
- The West Side Waltz (1995) (TV) .... Mr. Goo
- Angus (1995) .... Meg Bethune
- Talking with (1995) (TV)
- Dolores Claiborne (1995) .... Dolores Claiborne
- Curse of the Starving Class (1994) .... Ella Tate
- North (1994) .... Alaskan Mom
- The Stand (1994) (uncredited) .... Rae Flowers
- A Home of Our Own (1993) .... Frances Lacey
- Hostages (1993) (TV) .... Peggy Say
- The Road to Mecca (1992) .... Elsa Barlow
- Used People (1992) .... Bibby Berman
- Prelude to a Kiss (1992) .... Leah Blier
- Shadows and Fog (1992) .... Prostitute
- Fried Green Tomatoes (1991) .... Evelyn Couch
- At Play in the Fields of the Lord (1991) .... Hazel Quarrier
- Misery (1990) .... Annie Wilkes
- White Palace (1990) .... Rosemary
- Dick Tracy (1990) .... Mrs. Green
- Men Don't Leave (1990) .... Lisa Coleman
- High Stakes (1989) .... Jill
- Signs of Life (1989) .... Mary Beth Alder
- No Place Like Home (1989) (TV)
- Roe vs. Wade (1989) (TV)
- Arthur 2: On the Rocks (1988) .... Mrs. Canby
- My Best Friend Is a Vampire (aka I Was a Teenage Vampire) (1988) (as Kathy D. Bates) .... Helen Blake
- Summer Heat (1987) .... Ruth
- Murder Ordained (1987) (TV) .... Bobbi Burk
- Johnny Bull (1986) (TV) .... Katherine Kovacs
- The Morning After (1986) .... Woman on Mateo Street
- All My Children (1970) TV Series .... Belle Bodelle (1984)
- Nadia (1984) (TV) (uncredited) .... Romanian Judge
- Two of a Kind (1983) .... Furniture Man's Wife
- Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (1982)
- Straight Time (1978) .... Selma Darin
- Taking Off (1971) (as Bobo Bates) .... Audition Singer: 'Even the Horses Had Wings'

Director filmography

- Everwood (2002) TV Series... "The Great Doctor Brown" (2002)
- Six Feet Under (2001) TV Series ... episode "An Open Book"; (2001) episode "The New Person"; (2001) episode "Out, Out Brief Candle"; (2002) episode "Making Love Work"; (2003) episode "Twilight" (2003).
- Oz (1997) TV Series... episode "Family Bizzness" (1998)
- NYPD Blue (1993) TV Series... episode "I Love Lucy" (1997)
- Homicide: Life On The Street (1993) TV Series... episode "Scene of the Crime", (1996)

External links

- Bates, Kathy Bates, Kathy Bates, Kathy Bates, Kathy Bates, Kathy Bates, Kathy Bates, Kathy ja:キャシー・ベイツ

Rob Schneider

This article is about Robert Schneider, the comedian. Robert Schneider is also the name of a musician. Robert Schneider Robert M. Schneider (born October 31, 1963 in San Francisco, California) is an American writer, actor, and comedian. He was a Saturday Night Live cast member from 1990-1994, and appears in multiple films starring fellow alum Adam Sandler. The characters Schneider normally plays in Sandler's films are either a Cajun man who utters, "You can do it!", or as a Middle Eastern delivery boy. Schneider also portrays innocent goofballs or generally harmless "funny" men in his films. He appeared in the TV series Coach as well. In August 2005, Schneider was criticized by respected film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times over his film Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo. After Patrick Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times had commented that Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo was overlooked for an Academy Award because "nobody had the foresight to invent a category for Best Running Penis Joke Delivered by a Third-Rate Comic", Schneider responded with full-page ads in Daily Variety and The Hollywood Reporter in which he stated, "Well, Mr. Goldstein, I decided to do some research to find out what awards you have won. I went online and found that you have won nothing. Absolutely nothing. No journalistic awards of any kind ... Maybe you didn't win a Pulitzer Prize because they haven't invented a category for Best Third-Rate, Unfunny Pompous Reporter Who's Never Been Acknowledged by His Peers." Noting that an online search shows that Patrick Goldstein has won a National Headliner Award, a Los Angeles Press Club Award, a RockCritics.com award, and the Publicists' Guild award for lifetime achievement, Ebert responded by saying, "As chance would have it, I have won the Pulitzer Prize, and so I am qualified. Speaking in my official capacity as a Pulitzer Prize winner, Mr. Schneider, your movie sucks." [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20050811%2FREVIEWS%2F50725001%2F1023&AID1=%2F20050811%2FREVIEWS%2F50725001%2F1023&AID2=] The Hollywood Reporter Both the reviews and the box office for Deuce Bigelow: European Gigalow were poor: the film fell out of the top ten in only its second week, though showing at over three thousand theaters across the US. Besides movies and television, Schneider made an appearance in the music video for country singer Neil McCoy's Billy's Got His Beer Goggles On. Schneider plays Billy, who is the focus of the song.
Filmography

- Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo (2005)
- The Last Shot (2004)
- Around the World in 80 Days (2004)
- 50 First Dates (2004)
- Blind Sided (2003)
- DysFunKtional Family (2003)
- Eight Crazy Nights (2002)
- Mr. Deeds (2002)
- The Hot Chick (2002)
- The Animal (2001)
- Little Nicky (2000)
- Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo (1999)
- Muppets From Space (1999)
- Big Daddy (1999)
- The Waterboy (1998)
- Knock Off (1998)
- A Fork in the Tale (1997)
- Down Periscope (1996)
- Judge Dredd (1995)
- The Beverly Hillbillies (1993)
- Demolition Man (1993)
- Surf Ninjas (1993)
- Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
- Necessary Roughness (1991)
- Martians Go Home (1990)
Personal life
Schneider is of mixed heritage. His father, Marvin Schneider, is a Jewish American real estate broker; his mother, Pilar Monroe, a former kindergarten teacher, is the daughter of an American soldier and a Filipina mother. Pilar plays a cheerleading contest judge in Rob's The Hot Chick. He owns a home in San Francisco.
Spoofs
The films in which Schneider is the main character often involve him either being a certain type of person or thing, e.g. a woman in The Hot Chick, or an animal in The Animal. In the South Park episode The Biggest Douche in the Universe a trailer is show in which Schneider is a stapler, as well as one in which he is a carrot. The trailers follow the predictable format of Scheinder movie trailers:

Rob Schneider was an animal. Then he was a woman. And now Rob Schneider is, a stapler! And he's about to find out that being a stapler is harder than it looks. Rob Schneider is... The Stapler. Rated PG-13.

External links

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- Schneider, Rob Schneider, Rob Schneider, Rob Schneider, Rob Schneider, Rob Schneider, Rob Schneider, Rob Schneider, Rob Schneider, Rob

United States

:For alternative meanings, see the disambiguation page for US, USA, United States, or American. The United States of America is a federal democratic republic situated primarily in central North America. It comprises 50 states and one federal district, and has several territories. It is also referred to, with varying formality, as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the States, or simply and most commonly, America. The official founding date of the United States is July 4, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress—representing thirteen British colonies—adopted the Declaration of Independence. However, the structure of the government was profoundly changed in 1788, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution. The date on which each of the fifty states adopted the Constitution is typically regarded as the date that state "entered the Union" (became part of the United States). Since the mid-20th century, following World War II, the United States has emerged as a dominant global influence in economic, political, military, scientific, technological, and cultural affairs.

Geography and climate

The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and territorial water boundaries with Canada, Russia, the Bahamas, and numerous smaller nations. It is otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea, in the west; the Arctic Ocean, in the northernmost areas; and the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea, in the eastern and southeastern areas. Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the continental or contiguous United States, sometimes abbreviated CONUS, and as the Lower 48. Alaska, which is not included in the term contiguous United States, is at the northwestern end of North America, separated from the Lower 48 by Canada. The archipelago of Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean. The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland. (Virginia also donated land, but it was returned in 1847.) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization. When inland water is included in the total area, only Russia and Canada are larger than the United States; if inland water is excluded, China ranks third and the U.S. ranks fourth. The United States' total area is 3,718,711 square miles (9,631,418 km²), of which land makes up 3,537,438 square miles (9,161,923 km²) and water makes up 181,273 square miles (469,495 km²). The United States' landscape is one of the most varied among those of the world's nations: among its many features are temperate forestland and rolling hills, on the east coast; mangrove, in Florida; the Great Plains, in the center of the country; the Mississippi–Missouri river system; the Great Lakes, four of the five of which are shared with Canada; the Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains; deserts and temperate coastal zones, west of the Rocky Mountains; and temperate rain forests, in the Pacific northwest. Alaska's tundra, and the volcanic, tropical islands of Hawaii add to the geographic diversity. Hawaii The climate varies along with the landscape, from tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida to tundra in Alaska and atop some of the highest mountains. Most of the North and East experience a temperate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters. Most of the South experiences a subtropical humid climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. Rainfall decreases markedly from the humid forests of the Eastern Great Plains to the semi-arid shortgrass prairies on the high plains abutting the Rocky Mountains. Arid deserts, including the Mojave, extend through the lowlands and valleys of the southwest, from westernmost Texas to California and northward throughout much of Nevada. Some parts of California have a Mediterranean climate. Rainforests line the windward mountains of the Pacific Northwest from Oregon to Alaska.

History

American history started with the migration of people from Asia across the Bering land bridge approximately 12,000 years ago following large animals that they hunted into the Americas. These Native Americans left evidence of their presence in petroglyphs, burial mounds, and other artifacts. It is estimated that 2-9 million people lived in the territory now occupied by the U.S. before European contact, and the subsequent introduction of foreign diseases such as small pox that greatly diminished the native populations. Some advanced societies were the Anasazi of the southwest, who inhabited Chaco Canyon, and the Woodland Indians, who built Cahokia, located near present-day St Louis, a city with a population of 40,000 at its peak in AD 1200. Vikings first visited North America around 1000, but did not settle permanently. Following the discovery voyages of Christopher Columbus around 1492, other Europeans began to explore and settle there. During the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish settled parts of the present-day Southwest and Florida, founding St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 and Santa Fe (in what is now New Mexico) in 1607. The first successful English settlement was at Jamestown, Virginia, also in 1607. Within the next two decades, several Dutch settlements, including New Amsterdam (the predecessor to New York City), were established in what are now the states of New York and New Jersey. In 1637, Sweden established a colony at Fort Christina (in what is now Delaware), but lost the settlement to the Dutch in 1655. This was followed by extensive British settlement of the east coast. The British colonists remained relatively undisturbed by their home country until after the French and Indian War, when France ceded Canada and the Great Lakes region to Britain. Britain then imposed taxes on the 13 colonies, widely regarded by the colonists as unfair because they were denied representation in the British Parliament. Tensions between Britain and the colonists increased, and the thirteen colonies eventually rebelled against British rule. British Parliament, George Washington (1789-1797).]] In 1776, the 13 colonies split from Great Britain and formed the United States, the world's first constitutional and democratic federal republic, after their Declaration of Independence of that year, and the Revolutionary War (1775 to 1783). The original political structure was a confederation in 1777, ratified in 1781 as the Articles of Confederation. After long debate, this was supplanted by the Constitution in 1789, forming a more centralized federal government. Prior to all these was the Albany Congress in 1754, in which a union was first seriously proposed. From early colonial times, there was a shortage of labor, which encouraged unfree labor, particularly indentured servitude and slavery. In the mid-19th century, a major division occurred in the United States over the issue of states' rights and the expansion of slavery. The northern states had become opposed to slavery, while the southern states saw it as necessary for the continued success of southern agriculture and wanted it expanded to the territories. Several federal laws were passed in an attempt to settle the dispute, including the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The dispute reached a crisis in 1861, when seven southern states seceded¹ from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, leading to the Civil War. Soon after the war began, four more southern states seceded. During the war, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, mandating the freedom of all slaves in states in rebellion, though full emancipation did not take place until after the end of the war in 1865, the dissolution of the Confederacy, and the Thirteenth Amendment took effect. The Civil War effectively ended the question of a state's right to secede, and is widely accepted as a major turning point after which the federal government became more powerful than state governments. Thirteenth Amendment). The title of the painting, from a 1726 poem by Bishop Berkeley, was a phrase often quoted in the era of Manifest Destiny, expressing a widely held belief that civilization had steadily moved westward throughout history. [http://americanart.si.edu/t2go/1lw/1931.6.1.html (more)] ]] During the 19th century, many new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the continent. Manifest Destiny was a philosophy that encouraged westward expansion in the United States. As the population of the Eastern states grew and as a steady increase of immigrants entered the country, settlers moved steadily westward across North America. In the process, the U.S. displaced most American Indian nations. This displacement of American Indians continues to be a matter of contention in the U.S. with many tribes attempting to assert their original claims to various lands. In some areas American Indian populations were reduced by foreign diseases contracted through contact with European settlers, and US settlers acquired those emptied lands. In other instances American Indians were removed from their traditional lands by force. Though some would say the U.S. was not a colonial power until the Spanish-American War when it acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, the dominion exercised over land in North America the United States claimed is essentially colonial. The Philippines became independent in 1946. During this period, the nation also became an industrial power. This continued into the 20th century, which has been termed "the American Century" because of the nation's overriding influence on the world. The US became a center for innovation and technological development; major technologies that America either developed or was greatly involved in improving include the telephone, television, computer, the Internet, nuclear weapons, nuclear power, aviation, and aeronautics. In addition to the Civil War, another major traumatic experience for the nation was the Great Depression (1929 to 1939). The nation has also taken part in several major foreign wars, including World War I and World War II (in both of which the US later joined the Allies). During the Cold War, the US was a major player in the Korean War and Vietnam War, and, along with the Soviet Union, was considered one of the world's two "superpowers". With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the US emerged as the world's leading economic and military power. Beginning in the 1990s, the United States became very involved in police actions and peacekeeping, including actions in Kosovo, Haiti, Somalia and Liberia, and the first Persian Gulf War driving Iraq out of Kuwait. After attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, the United States and other allied nations found themselves involved in what has come to be called the "War on Terrorism," which has primarily encompassed military actions in both Afghanistan and Iraq.

Government

Iraq of the United States.]]

Republic and suffrage

The United States is an example of a constitutional republic, with a government composed of and operating through a set of limited powers imposed by its design and enumerated in the United States Constitution. Specifically, the nation operates as a presidential democracy. There are three levels of government: federal, state, and local. Officials of each of these levels are either elected by eligible voters via secret ballot or appointed by other elected officials. Americans enjoy almost universal suffrage from the age of 18 regardless of race, sex, or wealth. There are some limits, however: felons are disenfranchised and in some states former felons are likewise. Furthermore, the national representation of territories and the federal district of Washington, DC in Congress is limited: residents of the District of Columbia are subject to federal laws and federal taxes but their only Congressional representative is a non-voting delegate.

Federal government

The federal government is the national government, comprising the Legislative Branch (led by Congress), the Executive Branch (led by the President), and the Judicial Branch (led by the Supreme Court). These three branches were designed to apply checks and balances on each other. The Constitution limits the powers of the federal government to defense, foreign affairs, the issuing and management of currency, the management of trade and relations between the states, and the protection of human rights. In addition to these explicitly stated powers, the federal government—with the assistance of the Supreme Court—has gradually extended these powers into such areas as welfare and education, on the basis of the "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution.

The Congress

necessary and proper The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives consists of 435 members, each of whom represents a congressional district and serves for a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population; in contrast, each state has two Senators, regardless of population. There are a total of 100 senators, who serve six-year terms. The powers of Congress are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution; all other powers are reserved to the states and the people. The Constitution also includes the necessary-and-proper clause, which grants Congress the power to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers."

The President

necessary-and-proper clause At the top level of the executive branch is the President of the United States. The President and Vice-President are elected as 'running mates' for four-year terms by the Electoral College, for which each state, as well as the District of Columbia, is allocated a number of seats based on its representation (or ostensible representation, in the case of D. C.) in both houses of Congress (see U.S. Electoral College). The relationship between the President and the Congress reflects that between the English monarchy and parliament at the time of the framing of the United States Constitution. Congress can legislate to constrain the President's executive power, even with respect to his or her command of the armed forces; however, this power is used only very rarely—a notable example was the constraint placed on President Richard Nixon's strategy of bombing Cambodia during the Vietnam War. The President cannot directly propose legislation, and must rely on supporters in Congress to promote his or her legislative agenda. The President's signature is required to turn congressional bills into law; in this respect, the President has the power—only occasionally used—to veto congressional legislation. Congress can override a presidential veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both houses. The ultimate power of Congress over the President is that of impeachment or removal of the elected President through a House vote, a Senate trial, and a Senate vote. The threat of using this power has had major political ramifications in the cases of Presidents Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Bill Clinton. The President makes around 2,000 executive appointments, including members of the Cabinet and ambassadors, which must be approved by the Senate; the President can also issue executive orders and pardons, and has other Constitutional duties, among them the requirement to give a State of the Union address to Congress once a year. Although the President's constitutional role may appear to be constrained, in practice, the office carries enormous prestige that typically eclipses the power of Congress: the Presidency has justifiably been referred to as 'the most powerful office in the world'. The Vice President is first in the line of succession, and is the President of the Senate ex officio, with the ability to cast a tie-breaking vote. The members of the President's Cabinet are responsible for administering the various departments of state, including the Department of Defense, the Justice Department, and the State Department. These departments and department heads have considerable regulatory and political power, and it is they who are responsible for executing federal laws and regulations. George W. Bush is the 43rd President, currently serving his second term.

The Courts

George W. Bush The highest court is the Supreme Court, which consists of nine justices. The court deals with federal and constitutional matters, and can declare legislation made at any level of the government as unconstitutional, nullifying the law and creating precedent for future law and decisions. Below the Supreme Court are the courts of appeals, and below them in turn are the district courts, which are the general trial courts for federal law. Separate from, but not entirely independent of, this federal court system are the individual court systems of each state, each dealing with its own laws and having its own judicial rules and procedures. A case may be appealed from a state court to a federal court only if there is a federal question; the supreme court of each state is the final authority on the interpretation of that state's laws and constitution.

State and local governments

supreme court of each state. Note that Alaska and Hawaii are shown at different scales, and that the Aleutian Islands and the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are omitted from this map.]] The state governments have the greatest influence over people's daily lives. Each state has its own written constitution and has different laws. There are sometimes great differences in law and procedure between the different states, concerning issues such as property, crime, health, and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has an elected legislature (bicameral in every state except Nebraska), whose members represent the different parts of the state. Of note is the New Hampshire legislature, which is the third-largest legislative body in the English-speaking world, and has one representative for every 3,000 people. Each state maintains its own judiciary, with the lowest level typically being county courts, and culminating in each state supreme court, though sometimes named differently. In some states, supreme and lower court justices are elected by the people; in others, they are appointed, as they are in the federal system. The institutions that are responsible for local government are typically town, city, or county boards, making laws that affect their particular area. These laws concern issues such as traffic, the sale of alcohol, and keeping animals. The highest elected official of a town or city is usually the mayor. In New England, towns operate directly democratically, and in some states, such as Rhode Island and Connecticut, counties have little or no power, existing only as geographic distinctions. In other areas, county governments have more power, such as to collect taxes and maintain law enforcement agencies.

Political divisions

With the Declaration of Independence, the thirteen colonies proclaimed themselves to be nation states modeled after the European states of the time. Although considered as sovereigns initially, under the Articles of Confederation of 1781 they entered into a "Perpetual Union" and created a fully sovereign federal state, delegating certain powers to the national Congress, including the right to engage in diplomatic relations and to levy war, while each retaining their individual sovereignty, freedom and independence. But the national government proved too ineffective, so the administrative structure of the government was vastly reorganized with the United States Constitution of 1789. Under this new union, the continued status of the individual states as sovereign nation states fell into dispute in 1861, as several states attempted to secede from the union; in response, then-President Abraham Lincoln claimed that such secession was illegal, and the result was the American Civil War. Since the Union victory in 1865, the independent status of the individual states has not been broached again by any state, and the status of each state within the union has been deemed by mainstream officials and academics to be settled as being subordinate to the union as a whole. In subsequent years, the number of states grew steadily due to western expansion, the purchase of lands by the national government from other nation states, and the subdivision of existing states, resulting in the current total of 50. The states are generally divided into smaller administrative regions, including counties, cities and townships. The United States–Canadian border is the longest undefended political boundary in the world. The U.S. is divided into three distinct sections:
- the "continental United States," also known as "the Lower 48" and more accurately termed the conterminous, coterminous or contiguous United States
- Alaska, which is physically connected only to Canada
- the archipelago of Hawaii, in the central Pacific Ocean. The United States also holds several other territories, districts, and possessions, notably the federal district of the District of Columbia, which is the nation's capital, and several overseas insular areas, the most significant of which are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. The Palmyra Atoll is the United States' only incorporated territory; it is unorganized and uninhabited. The United States Navy has held a base at a portion of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, since 1898. The United States government possesses a lease to this land, which only mutual agreement or United States abandonment of the area can terminate. The present Cuban government of Fidel Castro disputes this arrangement, claiming Cuba was not truly sovereign at the time of the signing. The United States argues this point moot because Cuba apparently ratified the lease post-revolution, and with full sovereignty, when it cashed one rent check in accordance with the disputed treaty.

Foreign relations and military

sovereign] The immense military and economic dominance of the United States has made foreign relations an especially important topic in its politics, with considerable concern about the image of the United States throughout the world. Reactions towards the United States by other nationalities are often strong, ranging from uninhibited admiration and mimicking of all things American to anti-Americanism. US foreign policy has swung about several times over the course of its history between the poles of strict isolationism and imperialism and everywhere in between. Three of the nation's four military branches are administered by the Department of Defense: the Army, the Navy (including the Marine Corps), and the Air Force. The Coast Guard falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime, but is placed under the Department of the Navy in time of war. The combined United States armed forces consist of 1.4 million active duty personnel, along with several hundred thousand each in the Reserves and the National Guard. Military conscription ended in 1973. The United States Armed forces are considered to be the most powerful military (of any sort) on Earth and their force projection capabilities are unrivaled by any other nation. The 2005 defense budget amounted to $401.7 billion, which is an increase of 4% over 2004 and of 35% since 2001. Over 50% of that number is spent in research & development. (For comparison, in 2004 the European Union (considered as the second-largest military force) had a combined total of 1.6 million troops, and a defense budget of €160 billion, with less than 10% of that being spent on R&D.)

Largest cities

The United States has dozens of major cities, including 11 of the 55 global cities of all types — with three "alpha" global cities: New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. The figures expressed below are for populations within city limits. A different ranking is evident when considering U.S. metro area populations, although the top three would be unchanged. Note that some cities not listed (such as Atlanta, Boston, Las Vegas, Miami, Nashville, New Orleans, Seattle, and Washington, D.C.) are still considered important on the basis of other factors and issues, including culture, economics, heritage, and politics. The twenty largest cities, based on the United States Census Bureau's 2004 estimates, are as follows:

Economy

The United States has the largest single-country economy in the world, with a per-capita gross domestic product of $40,100. In this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace. gross domestic product The largest industry of the U.S. is now service, which employs roughly three quarters of the U.S. work force. The United States has many natural resources, including oil and gas, metals, and such minerals as gold, soda ash, and zinc. In agriculture, the U.S. is a top producer of, among other crops, corn, soy beans, and wheat; the United States is a net exporter of food. The U.S. manufacturing sector produces goods such as, cars, airplanes, steel, and electronics, among many others. Economic activity varies greatly from one part of the country to another, with many industries being largely dependent on a certain city or region; New York City is the center of the American financial, publishing, broadcasting, and advertising industries; Silicon Valley is the country’s primary location for high-technology companies, while Los Angeles is the most important center for film production. The Midwest is known for its reliance on manufacturing and heavy industry, with Detroit, Michigan, serving as the center of the American automotive industry; the Great Plains are known as the "breadbasket" of America for their tremendous agricultural output; the intermountain region serves as a mining hub and natural gas resource; the Pacific Northwest for fish and timber, while Texas is largely associated with the oil industry; the Southeast is a major hub for both medical research and the textiles industry. Several countries continue to link their currency to the dollar or even use it as a currency (such as Ecuador), although this practice has subsided since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. Many markets are also quoted in dollars, such as those of oil and gold. The dollar is also the predominant reserve currency in the world, and more than half of global reserves are in dollars. The largest trading partner of the United States is Canada (19%), followed by China (12%), Mexico (11%), and Japan (8%). More than 50% of total trade is with these four countries. In 2003, the United States was ranked as the third most visited tourist destination in the world; its 40,400,000 visitors ranked behind France's 75,000,000 and Spain's 52,500,000. Labor unions have existed since the 19th century, and grew large and powerful from the 1930s to the 1950s. See Labor history of the United States. Since 1970 they have shrunk in the private sector and now cover fewer than 8% of the workers. However union membership has grown rapidly in the public sector, especially among teachers, nurses, police, postal workers, and municipal clerks. There have been few strikes in recent years. The United States' imports exceed exports by 80%, leading to an annual trade deficit of $700,000,000,000, or 6% of gross domestic product. It is the largest debtor nation in the world, with total gross foreign debt of over $13,000,000,000,000 (2005 estimate); and it absorbs more than 50% of global savings annually. Since the 1980s, the U.S. has increased the use of neoliberal economic policies that reduce government intervention and reduce the size of the welfare state, backing away from the more interventionist Keynsian economic policies that had been in favor since the Great Depression. As a result, the United States provides fewer government-delivered social welfare services than most industrialized nations, choosing instead to keep its tax burden lower and relying more heavily on the free market and private charities. Sixteen states and the District of Columbia have minimum wages higher than the national level ($5.15 per-hour), including the highest, Washington State at $7.35. Twenty-six states are the same as the federal level; two--Ohio and Kansas--are below; and six do not have state laws. America's wealth is relatively highly concentrated. The average C.E.O. earns 500 times the typical amount a worker grosses, this is up from 25 times in the late 1970s. In terms of wealth the top 1% of Americans own 40% of all assets and 50.1% of the country's income goes to the top twenty percent of households. Average wages for the majority of employees have been largely stagnating since the 1970s. America's poverty line defined as a family of four earning less than $19,157 is at 12.7% of the general population. Approximately one out of every five children in the United States grows up below the official poverty line. Among racial groups; African Americans have the lowest median income while Asians had the highest. Regionally, the southern states had the lowest median incomes while the West Coast and New England had the highest. The current Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan remarked that the U.S.’s growing income inequality since the 1970s is, "not the type of thing which a democratic society - a capitalist democratic society - can really accept without addressing."[http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0614/p01s03-usec.html?s=itm] However, Greenspan also noted, "...you can look at the system and say it's got a lot of problems to it, and sure it does. It always has. But you can't get around the fact that this is the most extraordinarily successful economy in history."

Transportation

Alan Greenspan ]] Because the United States is a relatively young nation, most of the development of U.S. cities has taken place since the invention of the automobile. To link its vast territory, the United States built a network of high-capacity, high-speed highways, of which the most important element is the Interstate Highway system, commissioned in the 1950s by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and modeled after the German Autobahn. The United States also has a transcontinental rail system, which is used for moving freight across the lower forty-eight states. Passenger rail service is provided by Amtrak, which serves forty-six of the lower forty-eight states. Many cities in the United States have extensive mass-transit systems. New York City operates one of the world's largest and most heavily used subway systems. The regional rail and bus networks that extend into Long Island, New Jersey, Upstate New York, and Connecticut are among the most heavily used in the world. Air travel is often preferred for destinations over 300 miles (500 kilometers) away. In terms of passengers, seventeen of the world's thirty busiest airports in 2004 were in the U.S., including the world's busiest, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport; in terms of cargo, in the same year, twelve of the world's thirty busiest airports were in the U.S., including the world's busiest, Memphis International Airport. There are several major seaports in the United States; the three busiest are the Port of Los Angeles, California; the Port of Long Beach, California; and the Port of New York and New Jersey. Others include Houston, Texas; Charleston, South Carolina; Savannah, Georgia; Miami, Florida; Portland, Oregon; San Francisco, California; Boston, Massachusetts; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Seattle, Washington; plus, outside the contiguous forty-eight states, Anchorage, Alaska, and Honolulu, Hawaii.

Society

Demographics

Hawaii The mean center of the U.S. population continues to drift farther west and south. The fastest growing region is the western United States followed by the southern portion. According to Census 2000, the states that saw the greatest increases from 1990 were: Nevada (66.3%), Arizona (40%), Colorado (30.6%), Utah (29.6%), Idaho (28.5%), Georgia (26.4%), Florida (23.5%), Texas (22.8%), North Carolina (21.4%), and Washington (21.1%). [http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t2/tab03.pdf]

Ethnicity and race

:Main article: Racial demographics of the United States The United States is a very racially diverse country. According to the 2000 census, it has 31 ethnic groups with at least one million members each, and numerous others represented in smaller amounts. The majority of Americans descend from white European immigrants who arrived at the establishment of the first colonies (most after Reconstruction). This majority--69.1% in 2000--decreases each year, and is expected to become a plurality within a few decades. The most frequently stated European ancestries are German (15.2%), Irish (10.8%), English (8.7%), Italian (5.6%) and Scandinavian (3.7%). Many immigrants also hail from Slavic countries such as Poland and Russia. Other significant immigrant populations came from eastern and southern Europe and French Canada. Russia Hispanics from Mexico and South and Central America are the largest minority group in the country, comprising 12.5% of the population (2000 census). People of Mexican descent made up 7.3% of the population in the 2000 census, and this proportion is expected to increase significantly in the coming decades. About 12.3% (2000 census) of the American people are African Americans (Blacks). African Americans are spread throughout the country, but their presence is largest in the South. Asian Americans--including Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders--are a third significant minority (3.7% of the population in 2000). Most Asian Americans are concentrated on the West Coast and Hawaii. The largest groups are immigrants or descendants of emigrants from the Philippines, China, India, Vietnam, South Korea, and Japan. Indigenous peoples in the United States, such as American Indians and Inuit, make up 0.9% of the population (2000 census). About 35% live on Indian reservations.

Religion

Polls estimate that just under 80 percent of Americans are Christians of various denominations. The other 20 percent comprises other religions such as Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism, other various faiths, and those without a specific religion. The United States is noteworthy among developed nations for its relatively high level of religiosity. According to a 2004 Gallup poll, about 44% of Americans attend a religious service at least once a week. However, this rate is not uniform across the country; attendance is more common in the Bible Belt—composed largely of Southern and Midwestern states—than in the Northeast and West Coast. In the Southern states, Baptists are the largest group, followed by Methodists; Roman Catholics are dominant in the Northeast and in large parts of the Midwest due to their being settled by descendants of Catholic immigrants from Europe (such as Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Poland) or other parts of North America (mainly Quebec and Puerto Rico). The rest of the country for the most part has a complex mixture of various Christian groups.

Education

West Coast's home at Monticello and the University of Virginia (library building shown above, and designed by Jefferson), the only collegiate campus on the list. Both sites are located in Charlottesville, Virginia.]] In the United States, education is a state, not federal, responsibility, and the laws and standards vary considerably. However, the federal government, through the Department of Education, is involved with funding of some programs and exerts some influence through its ability to control funding. In most states, all students must attend mandatory schooling starting with kindergarten, which children normally enter at age 5, and following through 12th grade, which is normally completed at age 18

What The Hell Happened To Me?

What the Hell Happened to Me? is a 1996 comedy album by Adam Sandler.

Track listing

# "Joining the Cult" (2:52) # "Respect" (4:34) # "Ode to My Car" (3:55) # "The Excited Southerner Orders a Meal" (:45) # "The Goat" (8:51) # "The Chanukah Song [live]" (3:44) # "The Excited Southerner Gets Pulled Over" (1:04) # "The Hypnotist" (8:02) # "Steve Polychronopolous" (3:11) # "The Excited Southerner at a Job Interview" (1:10) # "Do It for Your Mama" (5:23) # "Crazy Love" (3:56) # "The Excited Southerner Meets Mel Gibson" (1:08) # "The Adventures of the Cow" (5:04) # "Dip Doodle" (3:48) # "The Excited Southerner Proposes to a Woman" (1:03) # "Memory Lane" (2:43) # "Mr. Bake-O" (4:06) # "Sex or Weight Lifting" (7:06) # "What the Hell Happened to Me?" (2:26) Category:1996 albums

Linebacker

The defensive team or defense in American football or Canadian football, is the team that begins a play from scrimmage not in possession of the ball. Unlike the offensive team, there are no formally defined defensive positions. A defensive player may line up anywhere on his side of the line of scrimmage and perform any legal action. However, most sets used in American football include a line composed of defensive ends and defensive tackles and, behind the line, linebackers, cornerbacks, a strong safety and a free safety.
- defensive end (DE) - the two defensive ends play on the outside of the defensive line. Their function is to rush the passer or stop runs. The faster of the two is usually placed on the right because this is a right-handed quarterback's blind side.
- defensive tackle (DT) - (sometimes called a defensive guard), defensive tackles are linemen who line up inside the defensive ends. Their function is to rush the passer and defend against running plays. A defensive tackle that lines up directly across from the ball (on the nose of the center) is often called a nose tackle or nose guard. Common defensive sets have from one to three defensive tackles.
- linebacker (LB) - linebackers play behind the defensive line and perform various duties depending on the situation, including rushing the passer, covering receivers, and defending against the run. Most defensive sets have between three and five linebackers. Linebackers are usually divided into three types, strongside, middle, and weakside. The strongside linebacker, (nicknamed "Sam"), usually lines up across from the tight end and is usually the strongest because he must be able to shed lead blockers to tackle the running back. The middle linebacker ("Mike" or "Mack"), is the quarterback of the defense, he must call out offensive formations and what adjustments the defense must make. The weakside linebacker ("Will"), is usually the most athletic linebacker because he usually must play an open field.
- cornerback (CB or DB) - the cornerbacks primarily cover the wide receivers.
- safety (SS or DB) - the safeties are the last line of defense (farthest from the line of scrimmage), and provide help on deep pass coverage. There are generally two types of safeties, strong and free. The strong safety is usually the larger and stronger of the two and provides extra run support. The free safety is usually the smaller and faster of the two and provides extra pass support. However more recently teams are looking for more hybrid safeties who can provide both run and pass support.
- nickel and dime backs (DB) - in certain formations an extra fifth defensive back (called 'nickel' since a nickel coin has the value of five cents) or even a sixth (called 'dime' since a dime is equal to two nickels) may be used to augment the backfield in situations where a long pass is expected.

Category:1998 films

This category lists the titles of films originally released in the year 1998. See also 1998 in film Category:Films by year Films

Eastwood (Scottish Parliament constituency)

Eastwood District 1975-96
Image:Scot1975Eastwood.png

Eastwood (A' Choille an Ear in Scottish Gaelic) was formerly (1975-96) a local government district in the Strathclyde Region of Scotland, lying south-west of the City of Glasgow. In 1996 it was included in the (only slightly larger) East Renfrewshire unitary area. It remains a constituency for Scottish Parliament elections. An identical constituency called Renfrewshire East is used for UK Parliament elections. Until the 1997 General Election, when Eastwood was won by the Labour candidate, Jim Murphy, it was the safest Conservative seat in Scotland. 2001 UK Parliament Elections

Party	Candidate	Votes	Percentage
Labour	Jim Murphy	23,036	47%
Conservative	Raymond Robertson	13,895	28%
Liberal Democrats	Allan Steele	6,239	12%
SNP	Stewart Maxwell	4,137	8%
SSP	Peter Murray	814	1%
Independent	Manar Tayan	147	0.5%

2003 Scottish Parliament Election

Party	Candidate	Votes	Percentage
Labour	Kenneth Macintosh	13,946	35%
Conservative	Jackson Carlaw	10,244	26%
Liberal Democrats	Allan Steele	5,056	13%
SNP	Stewart Maxwell	4,736	12%
Independent	Margaret Hinds	3,163	8%
SSP	Steve Oram	1,504	3%
SSCUP	Martyn Green	240	0.6%

See: Subdivisions of Scotland Category:Districts of Scotland

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